مجله منظر
پیاپی 64 (پاییز 1402)

--The land stands for a geographical territory of a nation with a historical background. It is a material-spiritual whole and a unit. It has by nature a boundary, and beyond that boundary, the term ‘residents’ does not make sense if dwellers are out of that boundary and not settling there. Contrary to that, the concept of land refers to the unlimited substance of the earth. Everywhere, there is land while the land absolutely requires inhabitants and history to emerge. The territorial boundary is the territory of its inhabitants, and it is the residents› perception of the territory that creates the concept of the territory through their memories and lived experiences. This menas that land is a simultaneous material-immaterial phenomenon. It is one of those creatures that emerges in the space between the world of matter and meaning and plays a more key role in the lives of man and society in proportion to the hierarchy of existence that it obtains in this respect. Due to the duality of its nature, which is objective-subjective, the land becomes more capable of interacting with humans in their growth process. While it is objective and material, the human body responds to the needs of its material life, and at the same time, due to its immaterial and abstract, it can establish a direct connection with the human soul. This is why the place is considered not only the container for the emergence of meaning but also the meaning itself. The difference and duality between content and container cannot be recognized in the category of place. Therefore, among human needs, space is very important and equal to basic needs. At the same time, due to its semantic aspect, it also goes along with higher human needs, which are cultural. In practice, contrary to the majority of known human needs, which fall into either of the two classes of physical (objective) and spiritual (mental) needs, the place falls into different classes of human needs due to its dual nature in items such as land. Therefore, the planning phase starts with the first necessity, which is safety, and continues until the last human demand, which is the sense of beauty and being understood. Development literature, as it is expected, was formed based on economic indicators. The authors of the idea of development first place it in economic prosperity and providing the chain of human physical needs. Provision of food and other human welfare needs were ordered. In the next phase, human social needs also became the criterion of development. Equal opportunities, social justice, and their positive indicators entered the development literature. At a more advanced stage, the protection of nature and land was exposed to the attention of development. At this stage, sustainability was called the most important characteristic of development to preserve and transfer nature›s heritage to the next generation. Complementary approaches to this path, including resilience, were newer interpretations that made the concept of development more complete. Scrutinizing the evolution process of the concept of development from the beginning to today shows that although the definitions and meaning of development have gained more depth at each stage than before, the curve of continuous evolution has been in the direction of the objective world. The common denominator of physical, social, environmental protection, and resilience needs is their objectivity. So far, sustainable development has been an objective element, such as economic justice, social equality, ecosystems, and planning. Naturally, due to the nature of science that intervenes in explaining the concept of development, which is experimental and objective science, the criteria, indicators, and methods used also remain objective.The evaluation of the experience of a purely objective approach to development indicates its failure in satisfying humans and society. The most obvious example is the urban and rural development programs, which, although they have been successful in improving some objective indicators, have failed to ensure the satisfaction of the residents. A lot of research emphasizes the importance of the mental aspect in terms of desirability and human satisfaction. Parallel to this need, the growth of knowledge that deals with objective-mental bipolar phenomena is also influential in development literature. The change in the understanding of the important categories of human life cannot ignore the transformation of the concepts of development. Place and landscape are among the most important achievements of the new understanding of man in creating a fundamental change in the objective and subjective duality of Descartes and the modern world. Humans have now understood that there are intermediate and common concepts between the objective and subjective poles, which are one of the most important and influential factors in defining human life and satisfaction. Therefore, in new approaches to development, it is necessary to bring about fundamental transformations in words, concepts, and examples of planning according to new definitions of development issues, including land. Using key words such as region in regional planning should give way to real concepts such as land, city, and neighborhood. In this reading of development, when the real concept of the land is known and its values are appreciated, dear Khuzestan will no longer witness the loss of its historical-geographical advantages against the invasion of British developers and Iranian oil technocrats. Today, rich Khuzestan has become one of the lowest regions of Iran in terms of development. As a result of wrong oil-based development plans, it has lost many of its landscapes, and we are witnessing the largest migrations from this fertile region. Undoubtedly, ignorance of the local values and landscape of Khuzestan in the process of oil-based development in the past century has played the most important role in the decline of the satisfaction of the new generation of that land.

The concept of the Persian garden is known as one of the symbols of civilization and architectural patterns of the Iranian region, from Transoxiana to Mesopotamia, due to its continuity and widespread presence in the geography of Iran. A closer examination of documents, travelogues, and the analysis of the evolution of the physical aspect of this phenomenon reveals that social, cultural, political, agricultural, and economic conditions have had a slight influence on the symbolic system of the Persian garden in each period. The first spatial Perception of the audience in the Persian garden is a combination of tall trees and the endpoint of the main axis that extends from the entrance area to the pavilion combined with the eye-catching play of water in the pools and basins and the shade of trees. This image, the most important and enduring image of the Persian garden, represents the Street of Garden and is one of the components of the Persian garden that has undergone the least changes in its shape and continuity in the historical process of the evolution of the Persian garden. The main street of the garden has a significant role in the design of Persian gardens and represents the highest manifestation of the garden’s symbolic aspects. This article aims to analyze the role of the street as the most important component of the garden’s landscape design through historical document analysis, and then analyze the influential criteria in the historical developments of the garden street. Throughout the history of Persian garden developments, the street has had a conceptual role in the creation of the garden and the stabilization of its constituent elements during different periods has led to the continuity of the Persian garden identity.

With an increase in the number of children born with autism, their special sensory needs and perceptions have been highlighted in official and unofficial national and international statistics. Scholars have voiced concerns about training the special skills of affected children. According to research, interaction with nature and education in open spaces can be effective. Landscape therapy has been proposed as one of the most effective strategies for different human groups. Biophilic landscapes are among the branches of landscape therapy that offer strategies for landscape design to reduce anxiety, improve the spirit, and increase social relationships. Considering the problems of autistic children and their special needs, it is not clear if the strategies based on Biophilic landscapes might address their needs. The research seeks to understand whether the strategies of Biophilic landscapes have a positive effect on the education of autistic children with special needs. ? To answer the question, mixed-methods research was used and an exploratory approach was adopted to compare the educational strategies of autistic children and Biophilic landscape therapy. In this descriptive-analytical study, the specialized educational strategies for autistic children were compared with the strategies used for designing Biophilic landscapes and then shared strategies were extracted. Some of the strategies were used in real space, and children were exposed to them through an experiment. For this purpose, the sensory processing questionnaire was conducted before the experiment and after the experiment, and the children’s progress was assessed through the fourteen items. The results of the research indicate that the auditory, vestibular, tactile, and multi-sensory strategies and their integration with body position and movement (proprioception) and visual aspects have been significantly effective in terms of emotional processing, activity level, and emotional and social responses. However, the proposed strategies related to the visual and sensory-oral senses were not effective for autistic children, and their integration with sensory processing (e.g., physical endurance) and activity level influencing movement and sensory input affecting emotional responses were not useful. There were no big changes in the behavioral consequences of sensory processing or the response thresholds of children. This could be associated with children’s different sensory perceptions. However, concerning children’s daily performance in the sessions, it seems that increasing the number of sessions and adopting the above-mentioned strategies can have a positive effect on these senses as well. This study highlights the need for researchers to expand the therapeutic strategies and increase the exposure of children to landscapes.

Historical cities are living evidence of human civilization and culture. However, there is still much work to be done to identify and accurately understand such civilizational layers in Middle Eastern historical cities. One of the ambiguities associated with Islamic cities is the researchers’ emphasis on their unsystematic arrangement, to the point where some researchers have suggested that the lack of arrangement in the historical network of streets is proof of its chaos. Some scholars, on the other hand, have denied such disorganization and provided answers to prove that an arrangement exists in historical passages. However, the significance of passages in the historical city has yet to be completely examined and described. This study is an attempt to scrutinize the role of the passages in the historical city of Qazvin using a descriptive-analytical method. In addition, morphology and GIS tools were used to identify and analyze the characteristics of the passages in the historical neighborhoods of the Qazvin. The findings of the study show that the passages of the ancient city have been systematically developed and include perceptual, social, and economic components.

One of the areas of interest in studies and environmental design is the soundscape. Since the sense of hearing, besides that of sight, becomes essential in understanding urban space, one research area of interest in environmental studies and design is the soundscape. The introduced methods and tools for measuring the soundscape are primarily quantitative, such as using tools or qualitative methods based on questionnaires; there are less comprehensive methods based on the contextual characteristics of the urban space. This research identifies and introduces a comprehensive framework for evaluating the soundscape in urban space based on the context of heard and perceived sound. It aims at criticizing most of the studies done on the soundscape, which primarily relied on one or two methods in their evaluation. The research emphasizes sound as a multi-dimensional phenomenon. A soundscape is an exchange between humans and the environment, and we should consider both aspects simultaneously in the evaluation process. This research examined the texts and methods used in the soundscape’s evaluation and proposed a quantitative-qualitative combined method based on the indicators of the context affecting the perception of the sound. The proposed model uses the four matrices of compatibility, desirability, capacity, and dependency. Therefore, the perception of sounds in the space occurs based on the type of activity in that space. The sound tolerance threshold and the pleasant soundscape are different based on the context where the person hears the sound.

With the translation of Kevin Lynch’s book, the “Image of the City”, new literature was added to Iranian architecture and urban planning. In this book, Image, the picture (or perception) of the city was translated to “Sima” regardless of its linguistic roots. With the introduction of the landscape architecture discipline, a new theoretical framework was added to the architecture and urban planning literature. Later, “Chesm Andaz” was also used by some experts as an equivalent for the term “landscape”. The use of these three words interchangeably has caused confusion in the translation of the concept of landscape or narrowed down its real meanings. This comparative study drew upon the European Commission’s definition of landscape to examine the extent to which vocabulary can convey the meaning of landscape in Persian. This study employed library research and lexicographical analysis. The two basic components of the landscape are dependence on the external place and the importance of the human mind and perception in his interactions with the environment. Nazar, in the language of Iranian thinkers, is a dynamic tool used for raising new awareness based on the perception of sensations, and “Manzar” is the name of the place in which this phenomenon occurs. Compared to “Sima,” and “Chesm Andaz”, “Manzar” conveys a more complete sensory perception, and especially compared to “Chesm Andaz”, perception is distant and does not necessarily have a positive attribute. “Manzar” and “Sima” are not synonymous and interchangeable in terms of meaning. “Sima”, in the late meaning, is focused on form and does not express the subjectivity behind the form, therefore it can be considered a landscape form. The observer’s continuous conflict with the form of “Manazar” and is accompanied by its memories implies him from the image to the landscape. Compared to the stability of “Sima” and “Chem Andaz”, the level of the “Manzar” is more compatible with the dynamics of the landscape.

One of the (apparently) most well-known elements of architecture and urban planning is the wall, and much has been written about its features and characteristics. A physical-functional element that also has meanings and myths in its core, and in this respect, it can be seen from the examples of landscape; considered as an objective-mental phenomenon. The wall, especially in the architecture of Iranian buildings and gardens, is an integral part of the concept of these spaces and perhaps it is very difficult to imagine an Iranian garden or house without a wall. Adjusting the air and creating a microclimate, protection against adverse and harsh weather outside, wild animals and thieves, sacred protection against the entry of the devil, and other important features are the characteristics of this fundamental element of Iranian architecture. Sometimes these walls are made as clay for village garden alleys, and sometimes they form the high and stable walls of the Karimkhani Citadel, sometimes it is a simple wall without decoration, and sometimes it is decorated with all kinds of flower arrangements, brickwork, tiling, and other Iranian decorative arts (although In general, the wall in Iranian culture is simple and unpretentious, and if there is a decoration, it is mostly for the entry of the complex or building), sometimes they are rigid and impenetrable, and sometimes they expose the transparent with the function of Safavid-era Tajir gardens walls to the visitors. One of these characteristics, which is perhaps less discussed, is the potential of expressing the views of citizens. The wall is a “popular media” with a large audience on the scale of a city’s landscape, which is usually not paid attention to, or they express a specific point of view in society in a structured and structured way, and in this sense, they violate freedom of expression. Now the question that arises is why the wall in most cases (except for special times such as street protests), works incompletely if it can help the society in the direction of becoming more democratic.